Harm unsprung weight and the use of forged wheels

We know that the lighter the car, the better. And gasoline less care, and general life becomes more joyful and carefree. But few know that the mass of the mass of discord. There sprung mass - that's all "lies" in the suspension and it is perceived. Unsprung same - it ourselves wheels with tires, hubs and brake drums and discs with calipers. It must be said that international standards in determining the sprung-unsprung masses do not always converge. In particular, according to the German standard DIN, to the unsprung masses are more and suspension parts: levers, springs and springs with shock absorbers. What, in general, it is logical. But torsion bars - it is sprung. But most interesting is that the stabilizer bar came out perfect outcast - half of it sprung mass and the other not. Therefore, for each model to identify the ratio of the masses can only be on special stands, resorting to complex calculations. Why do it?

The fact that the most important - is the ratio of the sprung and unsprung masses. From him, for example, depends on a smooth ride. The more unsprung weight, the worse smoothness. That is why the old machine to the heavy wheels and pivot suspensions this very smooth no different. The familiar, probably, a lot of pictures, as soon as the trunk was well loaded - Ride increases. This is due to changes in the ratio of sprung and unsprung masses.

Probably do not need to be Einstein to understand the effect of inertial forces on the car. It is to them we owe all kinds of drifts and drifts. But it is important not only that. The more unsprung weight, the more details on the inertial force. Let's say you move on to the dependent elderly SUV rear axle, where the massive gearbox, axis and hub rather big wheels. When traveling corrugated section of the road it will be appreciated that the rear axle is constantly slipping away. All because the rear axle under the influence of inertial forces simply do not always have time to come back down. From this grip will deteriorate, and the axis will start to "walk". These inertial forces impede effective brakes with heavy wheels. Yes, and accelerate such difficult. Because something essential in the harsh off-road SUVs old school with heavy axle suspension on highways clearly losing on new arms and hubs of light alloys.

It turns out that by changing the weight ratio can be increased smoothness. And then there are two ways. You can increase the sprung, for example, to drive a ballast in the trunk, losing in fuel consumption and dynamics. And it is possible to reduce the unsprung. And it's much more interesting. It was then that we can help forged wheels, the weight of each of which may differ by more than 10 kilograms compared with the casting. Furthermore, they are much stronger than that of ordinary steel or cast. And still their main mass is concentrated closer to the hub, which reduces the moment of inertia. Simply put, the inertial forces acting on the untwisted forged wheel, much less prevent it from moving progressively, ie in the direction that we want. It turns out that looking car ads, do not skeptical about the "pereobutsya" forged wheels in the lot. Against the physicists do not trample. It is better to be friends with her.

How to connect two engine Toyota 1JZ-GTE

Using two 2.5 liter engine of the Supra, in the "home" conditions it was established five-liter V-12 engine with 800 hp

Sometimes you can stumble upon a rather interesting things browsing the site Reddit, but nothing is in comparison to what we ran this morning. One user posted a draft of the engine of his uncle, and I must say, the motor mad cool. He took two 2.5-liter six-cylinder engine 1JZ-GTE Supra, the bottom of the compartment both, and then combine them into a V-twin engine with an angle of 120 degrees, creating this "Frankenstein V-12s." He brazenly flaunt bespoke original crankshaft and oil sump.

Of course, Toyota has created the V-12s in its history, namely the five-liter GZ, but the fact that this "uncle" made his own, forced to remove his hat in front of him. The project still needs work, but the end should have something big. Developer's plan is simple - using the turbo blowing achieve power 800 hp After this most ordinary car with a roll cage to turn into what he was destined - in this monster!

Secrets E34

1. When the switch turns push until it clicks into the extreme position that will burn the envelope on the one hand (the parking gauge).
2. The rear sofa is made so that it can be used as a seat in nature (there is even a handle for carrying and bottom of the sofa is made of plastic).
3. The sun protection blind can razvorachivatsya on a side window sun (3D shutter).
4. Press to reset the daily run can be seen running even without a key.
5. The rear door locks are in themselves fikstory for kids that will not allow the child to open the door (turn the key or screwdriver).
6. Lift the handle of the driver and holding it for 15 seconds to warm up the larva of the castle.
7. Lift the handle of the driver switched on the light in the interior.
8. Recycling interior works even with the engine off (if tselya pomochka more you can sit in the car chasing the warm air through the cabin stove).
9. When will take something dirty in bagazhnke carpet can be flipped upside down.
10. Seats can be adjusted in height by pushing for the most proximal to the back of the handle down.
11. If you have steamed up windows vkyuchite condo
2 minutes they will be clean.
12. In the feet of the passengers is a full-time first-aid kit.
13. Kryakalku, a reminder of the powershift headlamps can be turned off by pressing the reset daily run,
ie, pulled the keys from the lights are turned on and press the reset tidy, no quack. And in the process of cracks shut up if you press too.
14. In order to set the frequency sweeps of the brush, it is necessary to translate a control lever brushes in intermittent position and then return it back to "off". After that sustain the desired pause and turn back to the intermittent mode. Now, the wipers will operate at a given frequency. When you stop the car the frequency of strokes becomes 2 times less.
15. If dokosnutsya sharply up window button and then let go (up or down), then accordingly work avtootkryvanie / avtozakryvanie glass driver's door and only avtootkryvanie passenger door window. Same (avtootkr. / Avtozakr) and powered sunroofs.
16. To fold the rear seatback, it is necessary to put pressure on the lever that is located on the axis of rotation of the left and right back, respectively. So, the majority of these levers and broken off to open the back, not knowing that there is a special lever, begin to dig and try every way to pull a screwdriver or something red flags at the top, next to the seat that. Naturally, the result is zero, the boxes are scratched, the mood g.no. In order to open, many are trying as an auxiliary tool pliers, wrenches, etc. I helped open-end wrench 19, bent after a girth of 19 under 90grad. Cranking out the rest of his lever, jump boxes uvverh, and lo and behold, the back is open)
17. Pro larva key driver. There is a secret to turning the key, if you close you can close by turning to 45 degrees, and can be closed by turning on 90gradusov. If crank 45, will close only CH, and if 90, in addition to closing, becoming the factory of car alarms, what would indicate LED located in the top vent blowing.
18. If glass is omitted, then you can pick it up from the street without getting into the car. To do this, insert the key in the door lock cylinder, turn to keep the door closed and then climb up to the stele) + it closes the hatch, too.
19. When CL is closed on the go, so it is not necessary to pull the unlock button, Mona twice to pull the handle to open the door.
20. If you leave the lights on in the cabin, he goes off himself after 10 minutes.
21. Diagnosis of the arrows on the tidy:
- Turn the ignition key to the second position
- Press the center button three times (to tidy) and then tighten
- Tachometer, speedometer, fuel and temperature will randomly run in different directions
a sequence can be wrong.
In some cases, simply press and hold the reset daily run and turn the key in the second position.
22. In the trunk under the skin right there pimpka emergency, pulling the flap that opens the gas tank.
23. Also, the sensor emergency opening CZ. And if you know where it is located you can be hitting it open CZ.
24. ABC system can be checked without any instruments of self-diagnostics. The system works on any E34.
Each car is E34 which ABC has a self-test, which works without any additional priborov.Dlya to check FAA should:
- To remove the car from the parking brake.
- Switch on the ignition, the lamp will light up for 3 seconds ABC. when it goes off, press the brake pedal 5 times, and release the pedal (this should be done within the first 10 seconds after the lamp goes out ABC) .Switch diagnostics.
- We believe the number of times the lamp blinks AVS.Chastota blink for about 1 second. with an interval of about 1 also sek.Posle end diagnostic lamp is not lit Buda for 3 seconds and then lights up continuously 3 seconds, then gasnet.Znachit diagnosis zakonchilas.Schitat how many times you need to blink at intervals of 1 sek.V depending on the error lamp blinks 1 25 raz.V depending on what look kolichestva- mistaken FAA:

ERRORS (blinking lights) (that is faulty)

1 no-fault
4-sensor rear left
5 rear right sensor
6 front right sensor
7 front left sensor
8 el.magnitny valve rear axle (if the pipeline system of ABC common to both rear wheels)
9 el.magnitny valve rear right wheel (if by car from the ABC unit are separate lines for each rear wheel)
10 el.magnitny valve front right wheel
11 el.magnitny valve left front wheel
14 relay valve
15 return pump
21 control unit ABC
24, the ring gear at any wheel
25 brake switch (brake pedal)

Causes of steering vibration.

(useful articles)

Vibration steering occurs for many reasons. There are a variety of symptoms, which can determine the causes of vibration of the steering wheel. The steering wheel may vibrate on a certain speed, and continuously. Steering vibration can occur during acceleration, driving and braking of the car, as well as when the engine is just idling.

Vibration steering at speeds often arises from the unbalanced rotating masses. There may be various reasons for this phenomenon, which can also at the same time complement each other. Vibration can occur due to wheel drive mud clogging. Some models are designed wheels so that dirt can accumulate in certain places, and zasyhaya create unbalanced mass. The first thing to do when a steering vibration is to wash all the wheels and make sure there is no dirt on them.

Vibration steering may occur if poorly balanced wheel. This problem can be solved only by the tire changer service. If after visiting the tire shop appeared steering vibration when accelerating and driving, we can confidently say that the reason for this is a bad wheel balancing.

Beating steering may occur due to improper geometry of the wheel rim or the tire. Such repairs may cause the wrong bus or drive, or a strong blow from which, for example, there are "bumps" on the rubber. Wheel with such defects can balance the ideal, but the runout will still be present, creating the dynamic loads on the suspension and steering vibration.

Also cause steering vibration can serve as incorrect installation of the wheels, or if the disk geometry does not match the hub. A common mistake is considered to be improper tightening wheel bolts or nuts with a conical base. Nuts and bolts should be tightened conical base, alternating with the opposite, and only if the wheel is suspended.

Vibration steering when braking may also occur because of the unbalanced mass of the wheel. But the main cause of the vibration of the steering wheel when braking a car is a strong uneven wear of the brake pads or discs. To eliminate this problem is to replace the brake discs and pads with new ones. A cheaper way to fix this problem can be groove brake discs, if it allows them to design and size.

The cause steering vibration during acceleration, driving and braking can be deformation of the wheel hub bearing or other elements of the suspension of the car. To diagnose this problem is measuring runout installed on the vehicle when it rotates in limbo. The deformation of the wheel hubs is often the result of a collision at high speed on a speed bump or a big hole.

Vibration idling vehicles can occur for many reasons. The most common problem is the failure of the engine mounts and the gearbox. To eliminate this problem is to replace the support that out of order. The vibrations on the steering wheel may occur when an unstable operation of the engine at idle. In this case, check the spark.

Vibration can occur on the steering wheel due to an imbalance or the fan unit. If the radiator clogged air conditioner, the air conditioner's fan will continue to run at maximum speed, which can also cause steering vibration.

Whatever the reason, the vibration of the steering wheel are not normal, but there is a kind of "critical signal" the driver of a car breakdown. When the vibration on the steering wheel should immediately identify and eliminate the cause.

Do I need to change the oil in the gearbox?

Mechanics, automatic, CVT - what and how often to change the oil in these transmissions.

The list of works on any car maintenance included changing the engine oil. But we should not forget that the gearbox is also filled with oil. But how to determine that it is time to replace it? Does it fade time work and whether it should be topped up as the engine? And is there a time limit for service driveline?

🔎 Why oil in a box

Any oil, even for engines, even for transmissions consist of a base, the so-called base oil and additive package.

In these thermal loads butter begins to foam and lose lubricity

Properties of oils are determined by the quality of the chemical composition of their base and additives added to the oil used to adjust and improve their performance.

Apart from the lubrication of gear oils have another important function, it is the removal of heat from the meshing gears. The average temperature of the oil in the gearbox of a vehicle in motion is around 150 degrees Celsius, and at the contact patch meshed gears - about 300. When the temperature of the oil begins to foam loads and lose lubricity. In automatic transmissions oil is also a working body, transmitting the torque from the engine to the gears and foamed oil just does not allow the machine to move. It does not help even a special radiators mounted to cool the oil. To avoid this, add the oil in a special additive package.

🔎 When and Why change the oil?

The oil must be changed, primarily because of the loss of efficiency additive package. With the passage of time during the operation additives lose their properties and cease to provide reliable protection of working surfaces. Oil starts to foam and can occur bullies final drive. Consequences - boring buzz differential gear transmission, which will be amplified, and after 300-500 kilometers gear teeth begin to fail. Eventually the gearbox jammed. This is for vehicles with front-wheel drive and full. On vehicles having rear-wheel drive and manual transmission, the gearbox does not feel such temperature loads and oil can serve 10-20 thousand for longer without losing the lubricating properties. But his replacement is usually timed to changing the oil in the gearbox. This is done to remove dirt and chip, which is produced as a result of the gears, and replacing exits the transaxle housing with the oil overflows.

To avoid this, manufacturers recommend to carry out the procedure for replacing the gearbox oil every 50-60 thousand kilometers, and during intensive driving "Ramp" replacement time is reduced to 30-40 thousand mileage. These recommendations are independent of the total mileage of the vehicle.

In some car models, the transmission oil is filled for life. In this case, the transaxle housing no drain plug.

Talking about the service of automatic transmissions can not fail to mention the CVT box has become so common in today's automotive industry. Although they are considered to be automatic, but are designed very differently and work very hard in the temperature regime. Average oil for automatic transmissions for them is not necessary - there is a special liquid. It is recommended to change the fluid in the variator every 40-50 thousand kilometers, while the replacement of intensive driving is reduced to 30 thousand. CVT fluid change intervals must be strictly observed since
how, because of the constant high load on the variator belt and hard temperature, additive package breaks down much faster than in the conventional transmission oil.

When replacing the gearbox oil gearbox housing is not washed - this is not necessary. When repairing a result of disassembling the box out manually removed and cleaned all the dirt magnet that collects the shavings are the result of the work gear. Not worth saving, and after assembling a box engineers dealerships recommend to fill in the new oil, even if the replacement was planned as recently as the use of fresh oil Security deposit reliable and durable work gearbox.

Modern synthetic gear oils are all seasons and can operate without losing its lubricating properties in a temperature range from -50 to +50 degrees Celsius. They did not thicken, do not lose their viscous properties of the cold and the heat, so cars with such oils can be used almost anywhere.

Exhaust manifold - structural element of the exhaust system, designed for removal of exhaust gases from the individual cylinders in a common pipe. Another function of the exhaust manifold is to provide effective purging and filling of the combustion chambers.

The exhaust manifold is rigidly fixed to the cylinder head. At the exit it is joined by the catalytic converter or exhaust pipe. Between the exhaust manifold and the cylinder head gasket is placed, which prevents leakage of exhaust gas in the engine compartment. Exhaust manifold working in very difficult conditions, characterized by high temperatures (1300 ° C) and pressure.

There are two types of exhaust manifolds - solid and tubular. The one-piece collector has short channels, which are combined in a common cell. Made of heat-resistant cast iron. The one-piece exhaust manifold has a low efficiency of removal of exhaust gases and the purging of the combustion chamber, as short channels constitute an obstacle in the form of pulses of gas of each cylinder. On the other hand integral exhaust manifold is simple to manufacture and has a low cost.

On modern cars are installed mainly tubular exhaust manifolds, which are effective at medium and high speed, improve the power characteristics of the engine. Tubular exhaust manifolds are made of stainless steel, ceramics less. To achieve the best parameters of exhaust system and purging combustion chamber length, pipe diameter and the design (form) must be optimized.

The movement of the exhaust gas in the exhaust system is an oscillatory process. Short pipe exhaust manifold allows to achieve a resonance effect in which there is the best blowing combustion chambers at high engine speeds. With a long pipe on the contrary, the resonance effect is achieved at low rpm. The length of the pipe to prevent the return exhaust gas to neighboring combustion chamber, which is not yet closed discharge valves.

Small diameter pipes provides high speed exhaust gas, at which the best inertial purge of the combustion chamber and the rated torque at low and medium engine speeds. On the other hand small diameter pipe create additional resistance to flow at high engine speeds. With large diameter pipes get power increase at high rpm and the reduction in the lowest.

Currently, two common schemes tubular exhaust manifolds:

1) or short collector 4-1 (four tubes are connected to one tube);
2) long or collector 4-2-1 (four tubes are connected in pairs and further connected to one tube).
Tubular exhaust manifold is an important element of the car tuning. To one machine it may be presented with several designs and exhaust manifolds, respectively, achieve different effects. Short manifold provides extra power in a narrow rpm range. Long manifold more versatile, as it provides an increase in power and torque over a wide engine speed range.

🔎 exhaust manifold SkyActiv-G

For example, exhaust manifold 4-2-1 scheme applied to gasoline engines, which are installed on cars #Mazda technology SkyActiv-G. In addition to the growth of the power in these engines implemented a higher compression ratio, and by improving the ventilation of the cylinder detonation in the cylinders does not occur.

During operation of the engine exhaust manifold heats the air in the engine compartment, respectively, heated air into the intake system and reduced power. To counteract this phenomenon made intake manifold insulation. There are different ways of thermal insulation: heat-reflecting panel installation, the device high temperature braid tube made reservoir with double walls.

              Shock: types, how to choose.

Over the entire life of the machine change the shock absorbers on the average two or three times. The reason can serve as a replacement or malfunction, or the desire to improve the car's behavior on the road. Selecting parts market is very large, so the first thing you need to decide with what to buy shock.
Select shock absorbers needed, depending on the design and purpose of the vehicle, also need to consider the quality of the road on which the vehicle is operated, the hardness of the tire and the personal preferences of car owners, as the fluctuations in people react differently. If a vehicle is not subject to specific requirements, it is best to take those shocks, which recommends that the manufacturer of the vehicle. Since they are optimally combined with the specified technical characteristics of the car and versatile in terms of ride, handling and stability of the machine.

On the choice of the buyer Now there are three types of shock absorbers:
• Oil;
• Gas;
• gas and oil.

There is also no clear opinion, which one is better and which is worse, it all depends on the preferences of the car and the car owner.

▫ Oil shock

They are the most soft and comfortable, but their purchase is necessary to consider the quality of the road. For active and aggressive driving, they do not fit, it is preferable to use them on the road, where they provide full comfort. These dampers cheapest, but not because they are of poor quality, but because of production technology. These shock absorbers are best suited for family cars, it is not recommended to drive a car that is running such shocks on bad roads - there is a risk of boiling oil.

▫ Gas shock absorbers

Traditionally, it is the most expensive and the most severe shocks. Their main area of ​​application - sports cars. They provide excellent grip, but with them the driver feels every bump, everyday riding with such shocks uncomfortable. This is due to the increase of the shock load on the ball and hub.

▫ Gas-oil shock

These shock absorbers are in the middle price segment and are most suitable for the urban cycle. Nitrogen gas eliminates the possibility of boiling the oil and grip better than when installing the oil damper. Service life at the gas-oil shock is very high.

In the Russian market the products of both domestic producers and foreign firms. Most foreign firms offers the buyer as gas and oil-filled models. Shock absorbers, gas-filled, represented by a series' original or standard "and" Sport ".

▫ Domestic manufacturers

"Plasma" (St. Petersburg);
"SAAZ" (Skopinsky Auto Aggregate Plant).

The products are low cost and very high quality, mostly oriented manufacturers in the domestic traffic, that is, the Russian cars.

▫ Foreign manufacturers

1. Cheap shock absorbers are firm «QH» and «AL-KO», suitable for those who use the car every day, and occasionally, no more than 5-7 thousand kilometers. In this mode dampers serve 3-5 years.

2. Shock average price segment:
«Monroe» (USA);
«Kayaba» (Japan);
«Sachs» (Germany);
«Boge» (Germany).
They are suitable for daily trips are reliable and reasonable price.

3. Shock the high price segment.
Koni (the Netherlands);
Bilstein (Germany).

Porsche invest € 1 billion in the development of electric vehicles
German carmaker Porsche, belongs to the concern Volkswagen AG, has officially announced plans to release the first electric vehicle under its own brand. To this end, it plans to invest 1 billion euros and create new jobs.
As reported by Reuters, citing a statement by Porsche, made on Friday, December 4, the company will invest 700 million euros to expand its largest plant, located in Stuttgart (Germany). In particular, there will be a new assembly line and paint shop, and will create more than 1,000 jobs. In addition, Porsche will spend 300 million euros for the development of the development center.
presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2015. This "chetyrёhdverka" is equipped with two electric motors of 600 hp, all-wheel drive and chassis polnoupravlyamym. The manufacturer claims that this car is capable of accelerating to 100 km / h in just 3.5 seconds. Cruising range electric vehicle is more than 500 km, to charge the batteries for 80% it takes 15 minutes.
Porsche expects to begin mass production of its first electric vehicle only in 2020. For more technical information about the new manufacturer has not yet disclosed.

                               Preheater

On a warm car and light stable launch vehicle in the winter cold you need to take care in advance, so as yet not much cold a good idea to set the preheater.

Pre-heater is a device intended to facilitate engine starting in cold conditions. As a rule, the term "preheater" called heaters coolant in the cooling system. At the same time, engine preheating provide other device: glow plugs, diesel heaters, oil heaters.

Pre-heater is installed on the car as an option or separately. Depending on the method of creating thermal energy are 3 kinds of countdown heaters:

- Fuel,
- electric,
- Thermal battery.

Fuel heater

The most widely used in domestic cars and trucks found fuel heaters used to heat the coolant energy combustion (gasoline, diesel fuel, gas). The main advantage of the fuel heaters autonomy since they use a power source on the vehicle. Therefore another name such heaters - heaters autonomous.

The fuel heater is embedded in the regular cooling system, fuel system and exhaust system. Fuel heater typically performs two functions:

- Heating the coolant,
- Heated air and heating the cabin.

There are stand-alone heaters performing only heating the passenger compartment, the so-called Air heaters.

Structurally, the fuel heater combines heating (heat generating) module and a control system.

The heating unit includes a fuel pump nozzle, the glow plug, combustion chamber, heat exchanger, fan. The pump provides fuel to the preheater where it is sprayed, is mixed with air and ignited by a spark plug. Thermal energy burned down the mixture through a heat exchanger heats the coolant. The combustion products are discharged into the exhaust system by a fan.

The coolant is circulated in a small circle of the cooling system in a natural way (bottom-up) or force (water pump). After the coolant reaches a predetermined temperature, the fan relay includes heating and air conditioning and heating takes place car. When the maximum temperature the heater is turned off.

The different designs of fuel heaters control of his work can be carried out directly via the power button, timer, remote control, GSM-module, which provides start-up heater on a mobile phone.

Electric Heater

Electric heaters are used to heat the coolant electrical energy external AC power. The most widely used electric heaters found in northern European countries, however, in our country and they are used frequently.

The main advantages of electric heaters are no emissions during operation, noiseless, low price, fast heating of the liquid, because in fact it is an electric kettle.

Electric heater is installed directly in the cooling jacket of the cylinder or one of the cooling pipes.

Typical features of the electric heater are:

- Heating the coolant;
- Heating and air heating compartment;
- Charge the battery.

Electric heater includes an electrical heating element up to 3 kW, the electronic control unit and recharge the battery module.

The principle of operation of the electric heater is similar to the fuel heater. The main difference in the method of heating the coolant. Electric heater also provides battery charging, which is relevant for the operation of the vehicle at low air temperatures.

Heat accumulator

The heat accumulator is the most rare type preheater, despite the fact that it has high efficiency. Along with the name of thermal battery, other appropriate name - thermal energy storage system coolant.

Thermal energy storage system performs the following functions:

- The accumulation of heat energy;
- Storage of thermal energy;
- Use of energy for heating the coolant;
- The use of energy for heating the air and heating the cabin.

The design of the system includes: a heat accumulator, the coolant pump, control valve and a control unit.

The heat accumulator as part of the thermal energy storage system provides for storing heated coolant. It is a metal cylinder with vacuum insulation. The pump provides heat accumulator charging the heated coolant and discharging when the engine starts. Charging the battery is carried out automatically by the control unit and the signal is repeated periodically while driving.

Low battery is made with the push of a button, while the pump is switched on and the hot liquid is pumped into the pulmonary circuit cooling system. Valve controls the flow of coolant between the engine and passenger compartment heater.

WHAT MAKES USE preheater

1. Reduce the number of "cold" start of the engine. It is estimated that on average, each driver generates for the year from 300 to 500 "cold" starts. In this specific research in this area, produced well-known European companies, it was found that in terms of a "cold" start-up, the use of pre-heating the engine reduces fuel consumption by 100 to 500 ml. Size savings depends on the outdoor temperature and duration of heating. Thus, according to rough estimates, the use of pre-heating of the autonomous heaters saves in one winter season from 90 to 150 liters of gasoline or diesel fuel.

2. Reduction of heavy modes of operation, increasing engine wear. The overwhelming proportion of engine wear occurs during its launch. This is because when a "cold" start viscosity of engine oil is increased and the lubricating properties are lowered. At the same time the friction surfaces of moving parts, increased and increased wear in a rod-crank and piston units. A "cold" start reducing resource powertrain 3-6 hundred kilometers. The Russian climate with 100 days per year minus temperatures can give a reduction of the resource engine for one season on the 80 th. Km.

3. To improve the safety and comfort of driving. The cold promotes enhanced heat transfer of the body and fatigue. Increases drowsiness and lethargy, decreased attentiveness of the driver. Mode of driving becomes more irrational. In addition, it increases the risk of occupational diseases such as cervical, lumbar osteochondrosis, ARI

     Rebuilding the front of a truck or wagon

1. If you are in a car near the right front wheel of the truck, the driver can not see you! The picture is marked blind spot. So an attempt to get into the truck on the right side has little chance of success.

2. If you are in front of a traffic light, where a red light suddenly regrouped in front of the wagon, get ready to kick ass! The driver usually expects to stop at the stop line and not ready for such a maneuver you. And make no mistake the fact that a lot of truck wheels, so she (the van) just will not stop! The more that half of the truck rides with front-loaded, and a faulty brake system.

3. If a truck with a trailer turns from the second row, no need to be the smartest and turn it parallel with the first. On the first row will his trailer.

4. If you are moving the truck look in his mirror, if you do not see the face of the driver, so he can not see you!

5. If you are going to the mountains or winter on the main road and adjacent territories on the slope slowly creeps truck, possibly miss it, because if it stops it will get stuck and tend to gather a huge traffic jam. Whatever did not broadcast the TV, cargo studded tires does not exist!