How to change the oil in the engine?

Replacing the engine oil of different brands of cars is not much different, and are roughly the same pattern. If you want to make all of the work with his own hands, first choose a motor oil suitable for the type and brand of the engine.

▪Poryadok replace engine oil with their own hands is as follows:

First you need to warm up the engine to operating temperature. If the engine has warmed up, then wait a few minutes to cool down a little engine oil to the replacement not to burn yourself. Next we find a suitable container, which will drain the oil. As a rule, fit the old canister when cut with a knife the side cover.

To drain the oil, it is necessary to unscrew the plug on the engine crankcase. How to define it? Typically, this is the lowest point on the crankcase, or better just to make sure to consult the instruction manual for your vehicle. For a start, unscrew the plug crankcase wrench, but in the end it is desirable to arms, because the oil will pour directly and very quickly (pre substitute capacity to drain), so the plug can be lost.

The oil is drained from the engine quickly, this usually requires no more than five minutes. We can say that one hundred percent of the drain oil from the engine fail. It's not scary, because motor is usually not more than 2-3% of the used oil.

The old oil is drained, estimated its color, the presence of impurities. These factors determine whether you want to flush the engine, or requires a replacement of oil without cleaning. Once filled with fresh oil, usually oil filter change, after which the engine oil change is completed.

When pour new oil into the engine, constantly watch its level using the dipstick. Pour the oil should be at his level is between the "min" and "max". Fill 80% of the total, and it is constantly top up after correcting with a feeler gauge.

▪Interval replace the engine oil

For modern engines with a significant increase in quality of the produced oil is often recommended to replace produce 15-20 thousand kilometers. But it must be borne in mind that this value is determined by the manufacturer under normal operating conditions at the factory bench endurance tests. The operating conditions worse, the more you should consider earlier replacement of oil and, consequently, the oil filter.

What is considered severe conditions? This, above all, should include the climate: cold winters, frequent changes of temperature, very humid climate, dusty air. Frequent motor overload (for example, in mountainous terrain, or when transporting heavy loads) also does not contribute to the preservation of efficiency of oil. Usually, if the operating conditions defined by you as serious, it is recommended to run oil changes reduced by 25-30 percent.
Do I need to change the oil filter when changing the oil?

Yes, changing the oil in the engine it is necessary to even replace the oil filter. If you are replacing oil in auto-service, the service oil change includes also the replacement of the oil filter. So why change the oil filter?

Running the engine with a clogged oil filter is equivalent to the engine without a filter. Since oil is bypassed by the filter element. This is by design of the oil filter. Whenever changing the oil filter change necessary because in normal operation it has to be 8000 km scored, resulting in the opening of the bypass valve and the oil goes to the friction pairs of brown. Hence - the intensive wear of the engine. Although emergency pressure lamp will not light.

If you change the oil filter yourself, then at its replacement do not forget to pour motor oil in it to about half its volume (for the best first run after the oil change) and lubricate the rubber band on the filter housing.

▪Sovety to replace the engine oil

1. Change the oil more often! None of the air filter will not hold all the dust and dirt present in the air. And, accordingly, none of the fuel filter does not delay the impurities, which are sold at our filling stations with fuel in the form of a free bonus.

2. Do not overuse "express" oil change. Vacuum replacing bad oil that remains in the engine much more waste engine oil than with the traditional method of replacing the sink. Therefore, a way to replace the oil it is necessary to alternate with traditional sink, while reducing the service interval.

3. Carefully choose a motor oil. Buy only engine oils that meet approvals and approval by the vehicle manufacturer. Remember that the strength - not the most important parameter. In choosing your help article, "How to choose engine oil."

4. In no case do not use any additives and additives in engine oil! The additives in the oil can only hurt, the positive effect of such impurities can be very short ("what are additives for engine").

5. Do not buy motor oil from dubious merchants! Counterfeit motor oil 100% will not meet the requirements of the vehicle manufacturer, so the engine fast enough can fail. For example, I always buy the oil company Teboil.

6. Do not skimp on the filters! Remember that every speck of dust and particles missed one or another filter to the engine, it is an excellent abrasive, destroying the gaps and the inner surfaces of your engine.

7. Each time the check undercarriage! The car still rides on SRT, rises on a lift. For a modest surcharge you get confidence in your car. If an electrical, or even the power unit on the road over a tow truck, but the surprise suspension may lead to irreparable consequences.

8. Make sure the oil level on the dipstick on labels. Underfill oil to the bottom of the label can lead to oil starvation of rubbing surfaces of parts, which in turn, will lead to their rapid deterioration, and then costly repairs inevitable. Overflow oil causes it to foam rotating crankshaft and also a negative effect on the friction parts.

In the Canadian city of Ontario is one of the BMW dealership is closed now 23 years old, but in his bowels, as it turned out, kept on new cars of previous years.

Through the windows of the showroom can be seen Coupe 6-Series and the "five" sample 80-ies, but argues that it is only a small part of the "treasure." Canned building has underground parking, which are still a lot of the Bavarian luxury models.

The reason that a business owner has stopped doing business and gave up movable and immovable property, nobody knows. According to local residents, employed at one time I went to Toronto, where he also opened a salon BMW, which existed until 2002.

Interestingly, brroshenny dealership became a victim of vandals and car remained unchanged. The building is still protected, and the more it seems strange that the owner has not yet found a room and use machines.

GAZ M-20 "Victory" Snowmobiling "North" (1960-1961)

Issued 100 snowmobiles "North"

In 1959, the Kamov helicopter design bureau developed a car-snowmobile "North-2" (in the process of development of manufacture snowmobiles number "2" of the title is lost). Serial car "Victory", mounted on skis aircraft engines AI-14 260 hp It turned into a high-speed transport for the northern regions of the country during the winter off-road.

Average mileage snowmobiles "North" was 12 ... 15 thousand kilometers per year at an average speed of traffic on mail routes 30 ... 35 km / h. The route passes through virgin snow, pack ice in temperatures down to 45 ... 50 degrees Celsius. Snowmobiling worked along the Amur River, served settlements along rivers Lena, Ob and the Pechora. Snowmobiling "North-2" performs regular mail and passenger flights in Siberia, the Far East and Kazakhstan. "

TECHNICAL DATA:

Chassis weight (max.) - 2350kg

Engine brand - AI-14RS

Engine power - 260hp

Screw diameter - 2,7m

Commercial load -500kg

Maximum speed - 60km / h

The duration of the course - 5 hours

Cruising range - 360km.

Renault showed the original concept car Coupe Corbusier

Renault has paid tribute to the famous French architect Le Corbusier unusual demonstration of the concept car Coupe Corbusier.

Le Corbusier - one of the most significant architects of the XX century. He is considered a pioneer of modern architecture and functionalism. Characteristic features of his style can be considered a flat roof terrace, viewed through the facades, rough surfaces and volumes greige blocks raised above the ground.

The creators of the concept Coupe Corbusier tried to transfer the architectural techniques of Le Corbusier in the world of cars. So, coupe got a very long, flat hood and a large glass area. Everywhere traced the idea of ​​"free-form", which developed the French architect.

Overall, the car has received a fairly rapid design. Among the conspicuous elements can distinguish the massive radiator grille, clearly defined area near the wheel and rolled back.

On the technical characteristics of the concept at Renault, unfortunately, do not say anything. We only know that used LED lights, and the interior is designed for two people.

15 signs of "twisted" run of the car.

Oh, how good it was even some hundred years ago, with the choice of vehicles. From early in the morning I got up and went to the fair, walked along the rows, looked at his teeth and slapped on the rump liked the raven, bargained the price, and all you can harness and go home on a new horse.

If anyone is unclear why his teeth looked at, then I will explain: one of the only reliable evidence of the age of the horse had teeth.
The horse could somehow look good, but what he was older, the more worn down teeth.
Because the horse's teeth fray grass and eventually they grind.
Gloss on the dray horse, or you can bring - to clean the skin, comb mane, well-heeled and dental nothing could be done.

And now?
Come to any salon that sells used vehicles: all vehicles are reclaimed, polished, napolirovany, drizzle with a pleasant interior deodorant, all as on selection!
Well, where is "to look in the mouth?"
If it was simple, I would say - look at the odometer - it shows how really drove this "horse".
But I do not know whether the steel is now to put the horses' veneers' to the teeth, but the iron horses' teeth to forge a "learned. Should you only advertise the sale of cars like sprinkling sms with the offer "twist mileage of your car."

So, what is it?
The adjustment path of the car, made the intervention of special tools or hardware components of the car to change the indication on the dashboard or in the onboard computer of the vehicle.

If earlier, when the odometers were mechanical, and the methods of correction were mechanical - versed assembly and odometer or just changed the numbers on the disc, or act more delicately put on the odometer cable chuck electric drill and "cool" to the desired path.
Now that almost all parts of the vehicle are electronic, the mileage and corrected electronically. To connect the vehicle's diagnostic socket special equipment and "reflash" the new figures run of the car.
Just five minutes of exercise a specialist and your car can change from everyday hardworking grandfather in the car, driving to church on weekends.
How do we determine the true mileage of the car?
Let's try to describe the main characteristics, which can, if not know the real running, but guessed that it corrected.

1. The conflict between the odometer and mileage data for other electronic components of the car.
Currently, manufacturers are electronically recorded mileage of the car in a variety of different electronic control units of the vehicle.
Often, the running can be adjusted in only one (odometers), and in other units, such as ABS or lever block forget correct running and there will run the actual numbers.
Often overlooked flash ignition, in which the majority of modern cars, there are also indications of run of the car.
Also, if the correction is not engaged experts can remain in the system error which will say that was tampering correction path.
Unfortunately, this method can be used only with special equipment, which can be found only at service stations.

2.3. Discrepancies between the odometer and vehicle service history, data from official dealers.
I'll start with the case of life - look around the car, on the odometer 50 with small thousand kilometers.
I opened the hood, see the label on the last oil change. I read it carefully, it says that the oil has been replaced by 120 000 kilometers.
Beckons Seller - carefully re-read it to him. The seller is red, and a minute later acknowledged that a neighbor advised the garage to correct mileage to sell up to 50 000 expensive.
It is certainly too simple and obvious.
But it is possible to find such traces inconsistencies in the service book, look through the work orders, if they survived.
And best of all refer to the dealer and ask for the service history of the vehicle.

4.5. State driver's seat, seat belts
Fabric or leather driver's seat is not a figure that can be easily changed.
Therefore, look carefully for wear, cracks, breaks cover chair. Move the view of the seat back.
For example, gaps or holes on the back is not only appear before 200,000 km.
Cars are often sold with a strained covers over the seats, do not be lazy to look under the covers, and whether the seller is not trying new beautiful covers to hide the strong depreciation of the chair.
Look closely at the neighboring chair, and not over whether the seat of the new skin, if so, think about why, ask questions to the seller.
See how greasy and either tears or is damaged belt.
For example, look at this picture, the car owner claimed that the true mileage - 150000 km.

6,7,8. Status steering, gearshift knob, armrest on the driver's door.
Modern car helm material made of materials that are destroyed by time, or mechanical action. The more expensive cars covered with leather.
Hands driver secrete sweat and with time he leaves the characteristics of how often operated cars. Plastic starts to crumble, leather, zapolirovyvaetsya, abrasions, tears.
Women's long nails cut the skin, damage the coating of buttons.
Look carefully at the bottom of the steering wheel, it often rubs against the legs of the driver.
The true state of the steering wheel sometimes try to hide under a decorative braid on the steering wheel.
Most dealers are on certain investments, buying new steering wheels and handle, or buy for demolition, to disguise this lack in their car.

9. Status pedals
Almost always the driver's foot is on the pedal at the right, and if you see that it is polished to a mirror finish, and you are the seller claims that only went in the summer, a good occasion to reflect on his honesty.
Also pay attention to the condition of the carpet coverage under the heel of the driver. For large runs, there is formed a hole down to the metal.

10. The condition of the brake discs
Wear of the brake discs of a vehicle depends on many factors, such as driving habits, the quality of the brake discs, brake pads and other factors, but, nevertheless, we can safely say that the majority of vehicles, the average life of the brake disc 50 000 -80 000 km.
Look carefully, if you see that the brake discs have been replaced, whether it is consistent with the numbers on the odometer?

11. Condition of tires car wheels
ut also need to bear in mind that the average car tire tread wears out in 50 000 km.
Of course, you need to consider the wear resistance of a particular tire model.
Relate this information to the presence of winter wheels, analyze and make a rough conclusion on the actual mileage.

12. Status timing belt
Timing belts require replacement of 60 000 - 100 000 km. His condition is easy to look under the hood and look at the integrity and analyze the fact that the seller claims.
At the same time do not forget to look into the history of the service, and have not changed any of its previously.
On some car models it is hidden under the cover. Then simply watch strap dopoborudovaniya, it varies mainly as 60-100 per ton-km.

13. Chips on the bonnet, front bumper, windshield, roof edge, Farah.
It would not have tried to hide the people running, but mechanical damage arising during the run at 100% never hide.
If the hood is dotted with small chipped whole, and moreover already repainted, the windshield was replaced twice, glass lights murky from the blows of stones and sand, I will never believe that the car passed only 50 000 kilometers.

14. Luft driver's door
Open the driver's door. Try to shake it up and down. Over time, the driver's door hinges and there is a break in play freewheel, which is never on new cars.
Do not forget to check out at the same time and the door on the passenger side if the other hand, the driver's door has no backlash and backlash passenger, an occasion to reflect, and not whether the vehicle used as a taxi?

15. The following opening and dismantling of the dashboard
This feature can be considered a kind of outdated, but not to call him, I can not.
If the odometer mechanical type, then to correct it is necessary to open the dashboard and make certain manipulations.
On modern cars, in such a way is almost not used or used very rarely.

Conclusion.
And now, in anticipation of your objections to some, and perhaps prosecution, I want to emphasize:
Most of these indirect signs, and can not categorically speak of the twisted mileage.
Use these attributes in the analysis of the whole picture as a whole, rather than one to some fragment.
If you see before you fat seller, the increased wear of the driver's seat will not talk about the twisted path, and that the driver of a different weight and size of the average.
Actually, I do not support the idea of ​​making a decision about buying a car only by the figures run.
I no longer look at the so-called "Hours" and they unfortunately have not yet learned to fix and can be determined only on the condition of the car.
Good luck buying a car with real numbers on the odometer!

2003 Dodge Avenger

Class: concept car

Body Type: 5 door SUV

Engine: V6 3.5 L

Transmission: Automatic, 4

Drive: rear drive

Layout: perednemotornaya

Fuel Type: Gasoline

Country brand: United States

American tuning studio will undertake the modernization of UAZ off-road vehicles

The founder of the studio Devolro, which focuses mainly around the modernization of luxury SUV class has shared information on their progress regarding UAZ «Hunter». Prepared by "tuning package" for the car includes the replacement of the power unit for diesel engines in volume of 2.5 liters or 3 liters with a capacity of 160 liters. from. and 210 l. from. respectively, and an exclusive body kit installation in the corporate style with a range of decorative and functional design additions. Of course, such a global refurbishment involves the use of an SUV and the new elements of the chassis, transmission, as well as a number of other sites.

It is worth noting that, together with UAZ «Hunter» Devolro plans include modernization of UAZ-23632 «Pickup», UAZ-3163 «Patriot» and UAZ-23602 «Cargo». Assembling the updated versions of cars will be carried out on the territory of the Russian Federation, however, the production of all of the necessary parts will assume the tuners. To do this, engineers Devolro plan to produce a large-scale redesign of several production cars UAZ, understand and modify them in accordance with the specifications.

As for the cost of Russian off-road vehicles, which will make the master's hand Devolro, it should be $ 25- $ 40 thousand., Depending on the configuration. The scale of production will be relatively small - about 200 cars annually. The first copy of the Russian-American "competitor Gelendvagen" can see the light at the end of next year.

Armored elongated Inkas Armored Mercedes G63 AMG!

Price: $ 1,000,000

The guys from Freightliner truck created future. All management is done through the tablet. The truck is equipped with a self-managed and can independently go through the long highways.

1955 Chevrolet Bel Air

Pontiac Firebёrd 400

1962-65 BMW 3200 CS Coupe

Do you have to breathe into a Breathalyzer inspector?

You stop the traffic police inspector and asked "to blow into a tube." You are confident and agree to, and suddenly the device shows that you're drunk. Congratulations, you're all wrong. But how? Experience divided our lawyer.

There are, of course, and very sober people, but more often in such cases, unsure. Or maybe not yet weathered with weekend, despite the fact that it is now the end of the week ?! And you're like most drivers, committing another mistake. Talk to the inspector that, yes, yet three days ago have sinned, and drank a bottle of beer, it is naive to rely on the understanding of him. Do not expect, miracles do not happen. You have just said about the use of, and this is a direct path to the doctors for examination.

 So how to behave correctly in this case?

Let's look at the same situation only has to correct your actions.

So you stop the inspector and ask to be tested for alcohol. And you, before you blow into the phone, answer that gladly follow his request, but only after he found two witnesses, whom colleagues it can not be, or begin to conduct a video of what is happening, and then draw up a protocol to dismiss you from driving.

Notify the inspector that you are sober, and therefore, if the instrument will show something bad, then you are going to require a trip to the doctors! And he'll have to make another protocol to send you for a medical examination in which he is obliged to indicate the signs of your intoxication.

 When your words are likely to have the inspector simply let go.

Well, if the inspector still found witnesses or camcorder, and drew up a report, it would take him a breathalyzer certificate and an original of the calibration device.

Let me remind you that the test for alcohol on the road using a Breathalyzer measured taking into account the margin of error in the unit 0.16 milligrams per liter of exhaled air. Therefore, there will be more than if you check with the inspector what the error of his technical means. If the device has shown the value of 0.16, you are sober.
And remember that the survey on the road proof of your intoxication is not, it will be direct evidence only if you are agreed with his results!

In no case do not give up a medical examination, or walk you walk two years, but still have to pay a fine of 30 thousand rubles.

 Then, if you disagree with the results of the Breathalyzer, you do insist on a trip to the doctor.

In the report, handed to you on the signature, indicate that the inspector without any reason you are accused in a drunken state. Alcoholic beverages are not consumed. With the alleged violation did not agree and require the assistance of counsel. If the inspector is stopped you post DPS, calling cause stop checking documents, and this fact certainly reflect in the minutes. Since the verification of documents is not the cause of the stop is fixed stations, which means that there is already a violation on his part.

So you sent for examination. You go, most likely with the police on their machine. Question: what to do with your car? Even if something breathalyzer showed a drunk you are not recognized, so the car can not be evacuated, it must stay in place stop. If the examination recognizes you drunk, then it will have to have a take away on the car pound or transfer arms to your friend or relative, to fit into the insurance (if you have insurance, without limitation, the wheel can take anyone with the right).

On arrival at the medical facility, ask doctors to produce your license for a medical examination, as well as the certificate of conformity of devices they use.
Doctors should make two measurement readings with an interval of 20 minutes. Whatever the outcome of the doctor is an act of a medical examination, in triplicate. Act is signed by the doctor and stamped. One copy is given to you.

  Every medical procedure medosvidetelstvovaniya recorded in a special register.

In the event that you are drunk, the inspector shall draw up a protocol on administrative offense. In the report, you should be sure to specify that you do not accept it, since alcohol is not consumed, and that require an independent medical examination. Specify the time.

Next, the inspector prepared a second report "On the detention of the vehicle", then your car evacuated to eliminate the reasons for the detention, that is, until the next examination of evidence that refutes the result of the medical examination. So, again, better to pass your car in good hands, and then there will be nothing to evacuate.

  And know that you have exactly 2 hours by passing an independent examination fee by the time specified in the act of a medical examination.

And the inspector does not have the right to withdraw your driver's license and issue a temporary permit, he should have done it earlier, because no such thing as a "patch" for a long time no longer exists. The obligation to surrender a driver's license you will come the day when the come into force of the court decision to deprive you of the right to drive vehicles - from this moment you will have exactly 3 days.

If by the inspector under the direction of a medical examination you were violations or it took you to medical sober, you spend your time, then immediately submit a complaint against him. And to appeal the actions of its inspectors can direct superiors in the prevention and control of traffic police department, the Office of its own security police or the prosecutor's office, and directly to the lawyer. Then maybe you have a chance to return to the court of law.

  According to Article 137.5 of the Order № 185 MVD, if the driver is recognized as sober, the inspector of traffic police is obliged to deliver it back to the car. The independent examination of it you should not go, so there will have to take a taxi.

Q: What if the car for as long as you pass a further examination, had to take on a tow truck? Look for an inspector who signed the protocol on the detention of the vehicle, the data is in the report. It is based on a paper from the medical center, talking about your sobriety, must put a stamp duty on a copy of the protocol - it will be your resolution out to pick up cars from the parking lot.

There remains the question of payment towing services ... But this is another topic to which we will return shortly. Be sure to communicate with the inspector and learn to competently defend their rights.

Skip timing belt

Belt performs important mission in the car and the reliability of its work depends on the durability and safety of the engine.

On some models, the engine broken belt or slippage when the timing belt skipped a few teeth on the crankshaft or camshaft pulley can cause severe damage.

If skipping even when the timing belt is no emergency, the engine begins to run rough or stall at all.

This is due to the fact that stray timing cycle is disturbed and supply of fuel and purge cylinder. Typically, these cases occur when the timing belt gets oil or antifreeze. This can be potekshaya pump or disrupt the gland of one of the shafts. On the front-VAZ 2108-09 and their modifications are sometimes the cause of getting the oil in the area of ​​operation is the timing belt potekshy oil pressure gauge located on the top left of the belt cover.

Therefore, as the belt is necessary to focus on, namely; not to leave until later appeared fresher suspicious spot in the region of the belt cover. Sometimes the "later" can not be, since even a small amount of oil can create conditions so that skipped belt.

If no visible traces of oil or antifreeze is not observed, and the motor, however, behaves in an unusual way, i.e. Turnover does not develop, difficult to start or stalls frequently - Remove the timing belt cover and ensure the correct tagging.

When replacing the timing belt Always ensure the accuracy of its installation on the factory label. "Hit by" even one tooth belt mark is necessarily adversely affect the operation of the engine, and on some models, it will be impossible to launch, as will be shot down timing. This especially applies to diesel engines, which are very sensitive to inaccuracies belt installation.

Putting the engine at the factory marks, start the installation of the belt with a long free hand, immediately giving him a preload, and then to lay it on through the rollers. The teeth of the timing belt should be exactly at the same time fall into depression pulleys, if this is not possible, a little slide crankshaft or camshaft, tooth belt to lay down clearly in the groove on a pulley. After installing again, check the labels match, having turned the crankshaft two turns.

The full-size sedan Lexus IS cardboard

The company Lexus continues to implement interesting projects. After flying hoverboards shown full-size sedan with premium Lexus IS, the body and the interior is made entirely of cardboard.

A new project called Origami Car. It has implemented a team of five people, including experts from companies such as LaserCut Works and Scales and Models. To create a highly unusual machine took three months.

Vehicle Origami Car is designed based on 3D-model Lexus IS, provided by Lexus. Body parts and interior elements are cut by laser from sheets of cardboard thickness of 10 mm during the entire implementation of the project in life was spent about 1700 cardboard panels.

The individual elements are interconnected at the water-based adhesive. They are mounted on a frame of steel and aluminum. The car is equipped with running lights and an electric motor. Plus, there are real hidden wheels that can rotate. This allows you to drive the car, though, of course, the project aims primarily demonstration purpose.

The same Peugeot 406 from the movie "Taxi 3"

Catch phrase "Russian do not surrender!" Spread around the world in the years of the First World War - in 1915, during the defense of the small fortress of Osowiec located in what is now Belarus. Little Russian garrison was required to hold only 48 hours. It protects more than half a year - 190 days!

The Germans used against defenders all the latest achievements of weapons, including aircraft. For every defender had several thousand bombs and shells. Dropped from airplanes and issued dozens of guns 17 batteries, includes two of the famous "Big Bertha" (Russian who managed to knock out at the same time).

The Germans bombed the castle night and day. Month after month. Russian defended among hurricane of fire and iron to the last. There were very few, but the proposals of surrender has always followed the same answer. Then the Germans launched against the fortress of 30 gas batteries. On the position of the thousands of Russian tanks struck 12-meter wave chemical attack. Gas masks were not.

All live in the fortress was poisoned. Blackened and withered even grass. A thick layer of green poisonous chlorine oxide coated metal parts of guns and shells. At the same time the Germans launched a massive artillery bombardment. Following him to storm the Russian positions have moved over 7,000 Marines.

It seemed doomed fortress already taken. Thick, numerous German circuit was like getting closer and closer ... And at this moment of poisonous chlorine green mist descended on them ... counterattack! Russian was a little over sixty. The remains of the 13th Company 226 Regiment Zemlyansky. On each counterattacking had more than a hundred enemies!

Russian were in full growth. The bayonet. Shaken by coughing, spitting, winding through the cloth face, pieces of light on the bloody shirt ...

These warriors plunged the enemy in such horror that the Germans were not taking the fight, rushed back. In a panic, trampling each other, confused and hung on their own barbed wire. And then for him from clubs poisoned fog struck, seemingly already dead Russian artillery.

This battle will go down in history as "Attack of the Dead." During her several dozen half-dead Russian soldiers routed the 14 battalions of the enemy!

Russian defenders Osovets never surrendered the fortress. It was later abandoned. And by order of command. When the defense has lost all meaning. The enemy left no patron, no nail. All survived the fire of the fortress from the German and Russian bombing were blown up by sappers. The Germans decided to take the ruins just a few days.

If you have never engaged in independent car repairs, but plan to try, you should take into account the somewhat obvious, but of proven life will take.

1. The key is always lost. Somehow, the most vulnerable to the carob by 13. Therefore, all the keys you need to have two pieces, and carob at 13 - at least three. In addition, the nut with the lock nut of the same size will put the owner of the unit key in an awkward position.

2. If you are in a hole, and you urgently need the key, then it certainly would be outside somewhere on the hood.

3. In any machine is sure to have at least one nut (bolt), which are not crawl spanner and put on a socket. How it managed to tighten the factory - a great mystery. In the domestic car of nuts more than any other.

4. When disassembling virtually any node will certainly find at least one nut (bolt), which refuses otkruchivatsya that it is done. Pluck the verge of nuts provernetsya stud, bummer become attached bolt ... This does not mean that you have some particularly Krivorukov - way of the world.

5. On the basis of paragraph 4, it is necessary to have a supply of various fasteners to replace the damaged. Experienced mechanics accumulate a stock of itself and the novice will have to run to the nearest car shop for a miserable Gadget.

6. The nearest car shop will be closed.

7. After you run to the nearest store to buy not one Gadget, certainly spoil another. So do not rush to the store - first disassemble all through and count the losses.

8. Since you had to trudge to the store where the dash, then take stock of nuts - they cost a penny, and the next time will be useful.

9. Putting refurbished unit, not in a hurry to tighten most difficult nuts, first make sure that the unit is operational after a partition. So it will be easier to parse all back when you make sure that something is missed.

10. Remember - the most difficult stage of the work will not at all the one you expect ...

When like Mercedes GLE and parents gave it ..

Chevrolet CERV III (1990)

This machine - the third in a series of so-called corporate research vehicles (Corporate Experimental Research Vehicles). There have been further technical development of the ideas implemented in an experimental car Corvette Indy. CERV III appeared before the public in January 1990 at the Auto Show in Detroit.

The engine is located transversely in the database, just behind the driver's seat. Power 5.7-liter engine LT5 managed to bring up to 650 liters. from. at 6000 rev / min. After connected to the crankshaft torque converter torque is transmitted to a six-speed transmission extending transversely, which, in turn, consists of two gearboxes: three-speed automatic transmission TurboHydraMatic is paired with two-speed manual gearbox, and thus the total number of gears increased to six. From the center differential is transmitted to the cross-axle differentials of the two drive shafts, and torque distribution between the axles controlled by the computer, which supplies the appropriate commands to the central (inter-axle) differential.

Through the use of carbon fiber weight of the vehicle was reduced to 1500 kg. New integrated bumpers allow a frontal collision at speeds up to 10 km / h, and thus ensure that the vehicle (not to mention the driver) does not receive any damage.

An interesting set of adjustments on the driver's seat. This time the situation changed as the seat and pedal assembly. A dashboard rose and fell along with the steering wheel that does not degrade the appearance of the instrument information.

Jeremy Clarkson on special machines

Many years ago when I was in Italy, Ferrari gave me a few days then a new F355. And four seconds after I left the factory gate, I knew - even if I have to rob a bank or sell the children for organs, I'll buy myself a.
And recently, I was hooked again. With the Lexus LFA. Moderate interest turned into a respect for, and then - in love. Kilometers ran, and I clearly understood that I could live without a liver, but without a car - nothing.
So. Where such a break - 20 years? Why am I not overwhelmed the desire, when I sat in the Lamborghini Aventador or a Ferrari 458 or the Aston Martin DBS, or the Bugatti Veyron, or Rolls-Royce Phantom? Why do I say that the Mercedes SLS - the best car in the world, and then decided the money to buy something completely different?
In short, why 25 years in the list of Masthev avtozhurnalistiki were only two cars? A few hours later I sat back in his chair and sucking on a pen, but found the answer. Here it is: when gasoline boils in my blood, it usually means that the car does not suit the real world.
This is a classic example - Phantom. It is perfectly engineered car and the only one which does not feel the progress. By plane, ship or train on the vibration and the sound is clear that the car is moving. But if you close your eyes to the Phantom, it seems that you greesh in the sun on a beach somewhere in the Seychelles. But this perfection and comfort have to pay monstrous dimensions. Ride on such a huge machine as something silly.
A Veyron, you ask? Yes, technology is incredible. All of these radiators, aerodynamic tweaks and the like. I have this tingling almost five Stars. But you have to pay. Nearly a million pounds. It turns out, it kills it, which is why he's so good.
Aventador? Stunning design, and at full speed from pipes bursting blue flame. Last year I drove a real pleasure on the large "Lambo" in Italy, but in Imola had overheated brakes, the turns he came indistinctly, and I was left with the feeling that showing off here more than a business.
That certainly can not be said of the Ferrari 458. And that, and another here in abundance. But to give the owners a taste of something radically different, something even better, all the controls on the steering wheel moved. That is, each time turning left, inadvertently switch off the traction control and turn on the windshield wipers. How can you not look like a chode?
Below the hierarchy does not change. Now the front of the house I have is the new Audi RS4. It is extremely beautiful, huge wheels, and the whole week people stopped to stare at him. This car lusting all ...
But why? Of course because it super-fast. Not just on the line, but in the corners. Imagine how mchishsya serpentine in the Alps, and next, perhaps, Keira Knightley. Lays bends and an arrow flying straight on, the motor roars, shrieks of Cyrus, and that's it, happiness. But the car was beautiful and fast driving, Audi did not put on his suspension. No, there is something there, but such a tiny bit, it is not felt. So shake that ride every day is simply impossible. So exactly what makes so desirable Audi makes to abandon it.
My friend two weeks ago bought a new Mercedes C63 Black. He turned the head of all the talk about how stern blows out, and he wanted to experience it for yourself. Drain all the time in the whirling in a cloud of smoke ... But though he did not show it, I feel that he was afraid of his car. She just give a chance to break into a skid. There's nothing to think that after a hard day on the way home from work, for example, to call home.
You can walk up to the Mazda MX-5, and the problem is still right there. I like small sports cars. They are sharp and frisky! But small from the outside, inside they are small.
Now look at the Kia Cee'd. Those who does the reading our magazine, surely understand the machines. Although there is just a toothache, and other magazines in the waiting room dentist Richard Hammond dismantled and those who it whitens teeth. But suppose you are into cars, and you are not actively looking for Korean hatchbacks.
Chassis not set up at the Nurburgring. The sound of the motor does not bristle the hairs on the nape. The engine was designed to eat a little car and, therefore, went slack. Who is eager to get behind the wheel of such a machine? Only criminals who escaped from jail. And then only if it is thrown open to the parking lot lodged motor.
But in fact, in the real world, where you live, work and play, Kia is a thousand times better than Rolls-Royce Phantom. Coming out of the Cee'd, do not be afraid of ridicule. Dart in the stream it is easier than the large "Lambo". Service for less than the Veyron. In any practical aspect it is better than Ferrari 458. Like the Ford Focus. As a diesel VW Golf.
It is worth to pay attention to the auto industry. Well make machines that squeeze the last drop salivary glands pilots "Autocar". But that's why they are useless on the High Street Kensington or A38 near Barton-under-Nidvud.
Here, for example, the door to the Mercedes SLS. "Wow!" - Gasp all automotive publications when it only represented. "Nerd!" - Snorted passers-by, for the first time when the owner drove it to the city. That's why I love LFA. First of all it is a car. Vehicle. And this simple recipe is complemented aero, beautiful sound and a woman in the dashboard, which is able to find the nearest restaurant Asian or French cuisine.
There are very few cars. That's why I so rarely covers the wild, irresistible urge to grab the checkbook.

Diagnostics of brake system on its own.

The brake system of the car - a key element of the driver, and its status should be paid full attention. Unless there was a breakdown, the driver is not necessary to resort to service, since there are standard procedures for diagnosing performance brakes, the driver can do that myself.

How to conduct an inspection of the braking system:

For a detailed examination of the brakes have to use an inspection pit or trestle, as many elements of the brake system is in place that do not allow visual inspection. Therefore, the procedure for inspection should be divided into stages and carried out in a garage equipped with pit.

▪ Diagnosis of salon

The first phase of the inspection is carried out without leaving the car. To do this, with the engine brake pedal. The pedal should stop almost immediately, and further attempts to put the squeeze not to move forward. At the same time should not create the impression of jamming.

If the pedal "raises stake" at the slightest pressed, it means that it is either too short stroke (ie, it does not have to return all the way back), offset by compensation or a hole in the brake master cylinder.

If the pedal has a great free course, you need some time to actively click on it, and if she stopped prozhimatsya and became elastic, then the system are air bubbles. In this case, you need to look for the leak, repair the system and pump the brakes.

To check the status of the vacuum brake booster is pressed several times on the brake pedal and left foot on the pedal, start the engine. If the amplifier is defective brakes, the brake pedal must "sink" for some distance. If it does not, but instead heard a hiss in the cabin, the booster must be replaced.

Next, check the operation of a manual brake, then lift it to lever up while counting the number of clicks. A correctly adjusted handbrake handle rises of 3-4 clicks. If the handle is raised too high, it is necessary to adjust the drive cable of a manual brake. Along the way, you should pay attention to the fire of a control lamp on the instrument panel when picked handbrake handle.

Then, leaving the brake handle in the up position, you need to put neutral, to get out of the car and try to move the car. If the vehicle remains stationary, and the cable is adjusted, it is necessary to change the pads handbrake.

In this test the braking system of the interior is finished and can open the lock of the bonnet, proceed to a visual inspection.

▪ Inspection elements in the engine compartment

Raising the hood, check the availability and the level of brake fluid in the reservoir tank of brake system. The fluid must be clean and filled up to the border of the upper level.

If the tank is separated from the main brake cylinder and connected to it a hose (hose or if the tank with two compartments), then you need to make sure that the hoses are not leaking and no signs of damage. If the brake fluid reservoir is located on the body of the brake master cylinder, rubber seals should be inspected at the point of attachment.

Before proceeding further inspection of the brake system, you need to unscrew the brake fluid reservoir and drop it located on the float that will simulate the fall of the liquid level. For further actions need an assistant - he will look at the instrument panel, which should turn signal lamp on the insufficient level of brake fluid. If the light does not respond to lowering of the float, it is possible to interconnect the wires connected to the connector on the cover of the tank - the lamp should light up.

If the lamp is not lit in this case should go to the service, experts have found a place to break in the wiring or replace the lamp.

If the lamp is activated, you can still diagnose and inspect the master cylinder to the point of attachment of brake tubes. Cylinder and pipes must be dry.

Next you need to examine the body of the vacuum brake booster, it must also be dry and free of rust. Along the way, check the vacuum hose and place of its accession to the union of the intake manifold.

▪ External inspection of wheels

Visual inspection of all-wheel drive vehicle must be completely dry on the outside and the inside. Particular attention should be paid to the inner side of the wheel, having examined them from the pit. Any traces of a transparent oily liquid may indicate a leak in the slave cylinder brake system.

▪ Inspection of hoses and working cylinders

Upon further inspection, visually assess the state of the brake hoses, brake cylinders and the visible part of the brake pipe. The surface of the hose should be dry and free of cracks. Cylinders should not be a trace of fog or leak. The tubes should not be rusty. On fittings for pumping the brakes must be put on protective caps. If there is a bracket to the suspension of a brake hose, the hose must be fixed in the bracket.

▪ Inspection of the state of the brake discs, drums and pads

Brake pad wear can be seen only after a gradual removal of the wheels, which is not the typical diagnostic procedure on their own. To make it more convenient just a moment of change wheels for tire or planned maintenance in service.

▪ Check the brakes on the move

After a visual inspection, a reference check to verify the effectiveness of the brakes. When braking cylinders of both circuits must operate at the same time the car should not sidetrack.

On many machines, revealed problems with the brakes on the rear axle, but before changing the working cylinders, check operation control braking force on the rear axle.

Suspension double wishbone.

Since its inception in 1935, the suspension double wishbone designers considered an ideal view of the independent suspension, as It provides constant control over the nature of the motion of the wheel. Double wishbone always support the wheel perpendicular to the road surface, thus achieving a high drivability.

Suspension double wishbone can be used on the front and rear axle. The suspension is used as the front suspension on many sports cars, sedans and executive class business.

On the rear axle suspension double wishbone rarely used. By virtue of its design, the suspension takes a significant amount of the installation and reduces the amount of luggage. On the other hand the application of the suspension on the rear axle leads to excessive handling (deflection of the rear wheels in the opposite direction to the rotation direction), and loss of vehicle control.

The design of the suspension double wishbone comprises two wishbones, springs and shock absorbers.

The arm may have a U-shaped or L-shaped. Each arm has two points of attachment to the body of the car and one-to-knuckle. Attachment to the body by means of rubber bushings - silent blocks that resist longitudinal loads during acceleration and braking. Fixing arm to the steering knuckle is made by means of ball joints - the so-called ball bearings.

The upper arm, typically has a smaller length that provides a negative camber and positive Compressive - Tensile (rebound). This feature provides additional vehicle stability when cornering, leaving the tire perpendicular to the road regardless of the position of the body.

Springs and dampers in the suspension double wishbone made coaxially. Shock top attached to a car body, the bottom - hinged to the lower wishbone.

Despite all the advantages, the suspension is double wishbone has a number of disadvantages, including the complexity of the design and the complexity of the associated services, significant geometric dimensions. These deficiencies deprived McPherson suspension in which the upper control arm is replaced by the shock absorber base.

A further development of the suspension double wishbone and a multi-link suspension. It double wishbones separated into individual levers, wherein one of the lower arms is formed to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. This will get rid of the negative camber rear wheels to achieve the effect of rudder in the turns and, thus, improve the car's handling

Indices GT

Often the letters GT and related designations used in commercial notation sports or having a sports car image. Here are some of decoding the most common variants of such designations.
GTR (Gran Turismo Racer).
GTO (Gran Turismo Omologato) - «The car admitted to the races", ie cars, suitable technical characteristics for the racing class GT;
GTS (Gran Turismo Sport).
GTB (Gran Turismo Berlinetta) - coupled with a long hood and gently falling roof (coupe-fasbek);
GTV (Gran Turismo Veloce) - Designation forced car class GT;
GTT (Gran Turismo Turbo).
GTI and GTi (Gran Turismo Iniezione) - the vehicle is equipped with a fuel injection;
GTE or the GT / E (it. Einspritzung) - German analogue index GTI;
GTA (Gran Turismo Alleggerita) - Lightweight car class GT;
GTAm (modified lightened car) - is an abbreviation of a modified lightweight car class GT;
GTC (Gran Turismo Compressore / Compact / Cabriolet / Coupe).
GTD (Gran Turismo Diesel).
HGT (High Gran Turismo)

                                                          Engine EJ.

The cars Subaru is something that allows them to resist the general trends of the automotive world, which lead all the technical solutions to a common denominator. The tendency to make the main criterion for evaluating the car desires of the average potential buyer does not prevail over the designers of Fuji Heavy Industries.

Models are usually obtained from them, at least, extraordinary and bewitch their owners to the brand, if not forever, then for a long time.

All innovations are greeted fans with the experience wary, not stopping to talk about the possible loss of spirit and identity, swept all other manufacturers. No, Subaru does not look like any English Bristol, though something very British emanates from such an approach.

Nothing to do with the brand outside observers primarily to discuss, of course, design. Especially the fact that the corporate entity Subaru's looking for a long time and not very successful, and innovate all the time someone reminded.

"Subarovody" is considered the inner content of the main essence of the car, and artistic delights secondary. There is even a well-established expression in this regard: "No matter how the car looks, the main thing - how it goes!"

Subaru go well, and look at if we honor the right. Including the latest version, which looks like an attempt to camouflage Mazdovskuyu "three-ruble note" elements of the plastic from the "penny» BMW. The new-look not kicked a lazy, but ride quality is only alerted fans zubodrobilnyh suspensions, and the merits of the power unit doubters there is little, because under the hood - EJ.

The history of the family of engine EJ.

The history of this family of engines began in 1989 with the advent of the production program Subaru Model Legacy. In Japan, the debut year of the proposed units of 1.8 liter capacity 102 hp and 2-liter 148-horsepower. In the United States were set at Legacy EJ22 volume of 2.2 liters capacity of 135 hp

EJ22 and EJ18 been submitted in Europe. And European EJ18S could be the same as the Japanese central injection and carburetor (Legacy GL for the UK market). The rest was used distributed injection of fuel. The system of calculation of tax on a car in Japan, where the main criterion was the amount of work, let the first promotion of the local market with modifications EJ22. But despite the smaller displacement volume of atmospheric Japanese versions of cars, their capacity was higher due to the American and European twin-shaft cylinder head and intake manifold with variable length. Even more powerful were turbirovanie EJ20. They developed the Legacy RS 208 hp, and a year later appeared with a gun GT - 197 hp

Americans in 1992 received their turbo engine, which has been without an intercooler, a single-shaft design of the timing, volume of 2.2 liters and 163 hp Imports of cars in the US stopped in two years, immediately after removal from the production of first-generation Subaru Legacy, and resumed only with the advent of the fourth generation tvinturbovyh modifications in 2005.
With the introduction of the production line of Subaru Impreza models in 1992, it expanded range of engines. Steel produced small power packs 1.6-liter 95 hp On novelty also installed 108 hp EJ18, 145-hp EJ22 (North America only) and 2.5-liter power units with capacity of 165 hp, and continued to put in the old atmospheric 2-litrovki capacity of 148 hp (only for Japan and Australia). For the Japanese version of the Legacy with the appearance of her younger sister offered only 2- and 2.5-liter units.

And in all markets except North America, EJ20H (183 and 190 kW), EJ20R (205 kW) equipped with sequential tvinturbovoy system and had a characteristic dip in torque during the transition from work to singl- twin-turbo, which is able to "cure" in EJ206 (190kW) and EJ208 (205kVt), tied for the fourth-generation Legacy.

In 1993 there was a significant event that marked a new era in the development of the brand. In the line there was a model Subaru Impreza WRX (even if they were called Impreza GT or Turbo from depending on sales region) with a 2-liter turbo engine with 240 hp, which was placed on the Legacy, but there it does not exceed the capacity of 217 "horses" .

One year later, engineers slightly increased torsional this unit simultaneously raising 6 hp power (although the maximum torque has decreased from 304 to 279 Nm). At the beginning of 1994, Subaru introduced as close as possible to rally Imprez`y version, which replaced the 1993 Legacy at the World Cup, the model WRX STi EJ20 under the hood with 250 hp and 309 Nm torque.
Since then and to this day WRX STi and are iconic WRX Subaru for modifications and tuning a favorite objects in the world. Interestingly, in the US 2-liter 227-hp WRX appeared only in 2002, and the WRX STi - in mid-2003 with the 2.5-liter engine of the same capacity.

Low-profile tires. Advantages and disadvantages.

Today, the low-profile tires, can be described in one word - fashion.

For the first time, low-profile rubber steel tire manufacturers Michelin have use of the French in 1937. It turned out so that urban road, and the cars themselves that time were not able to make full use of such tires, but it gained its popularity only on racetracks. But already in 1977, Pirelli has presented to the public its line of low-profile rubber P6 and P7. Since tires with low profile has started to gain wide popularity among drivers and today, almost every bus company can offer its low-profile model.
The manual for the vehicle manufacturers recommend tires with a height profile of at least 70, so technically, the low profile tire is considered to be one in which the ratio of height to width ratio of less than 70 percent. It is believed that the smaller the ratio (e.g. 50%), the better handling of the vehicle. We dare to suggest that it is wrong, and often, the majority of drivers simply do not reveal the full potential of these tires. In most cases, this is a purely aesthetic point and to choose the rubber caused by the fact that the car looks cool type.
Low profile tires provide less "drift" and swinging the body of the car at high speed maneuver, and therefore increases its manageability. However, the reverse side of the coin is that low profile is not able to deal as effectively with uneven terrain. The return is transferred to the suspension elements of the car, increasing its wear and tear, plus the loss of smooth drive.
If we talk not about the height and the width of a tire, it also affects the handling and the related sensations on the steering wheel. The wider the tire profile, the better cruising stability and braking torque of the car, but the rotation of the steering heavier and occur if the machine is not equipped with power steering, wide tires significantly complicate the life of the driver when rotating at low speeds and parking.
As for freight transport, then it also produce low-profile tires with a profile height of 60, 55 and even 50. Global manufacturers supplying tires of commercial vehicles have the whole range of such models.

Pros low-profile rubber
Low-profile tires there because modern cars have become faster and more powerful. Such machines require more efficient brakes and a better grip. The size of the brake disc limited by the size of the wheel rim. Just to increase the diameter of the rim without changing the outer diameter of the tire can not - there is not enough air. Therefore, following the reduction is an increase in the width of the profile of the tire, thereby increasing the contact area with the surface.
Low-profile tires designed for high-speed cars. Even tread of such tires are often resembles that of racing cars. "Thin" tires differ from the standard, not only the high-speed characteristics, but also the best traction, especially in the "active" cornering and turns due to quite soft tire carcass. Less buildup, a higher degree of resistance to lateral withdrawal and, consequently, better stability and handling - that the advantages of low profile. Even when braking, this type of tire is preferable.

Cons low-profile rubber
Firstly, the short lifespan of the tire, especially on our roads. Secondly, it is necessary to sacrifice the comfort of the ride and resource suspension and some chassis parts. Regardless of the composition of the rubber car will be harder to respond to all the defects of the roadway. At the wheel of potholes less shock absorption. The lower profile, the worse tire fulfills
irregularities and the greater is the return on the suspension elements. In addition, wide low-profile tires produces more noise while driving, since the contact patch between the tire and the road is much greater than that of the standard tire.

In order to understand or not to put the low-profile tires, it must be clear use of the vehicle. If you mostly ride around on urban roads and highways, and in combination like the high-speed turns, then the tires just fits, especially in combination with alloy wheels. However, if you calm the driver, a lover of smooth, comfortable ride, as well as frequent trips on country back roads - limit to the standard profile height, well, or at least, make a choice in favor of a middle ground. Reliability and safety is much more important than a sharp appearance and sense of drive in turns. Unfortunately, the low-profile tires punctured and even break cast drive, hitting a hole not be easy, but the repaired tire is such a big city, on the road, can not every item and service centers is also a minus.
Finally I want to give a piece of advice: "While assigning priorities of choice is always pay close attention to security issues, and only in the last instance aesthetics and fashion. If you are not sure in his opinion, ask for advice from qualified professionals and carefully read the instructions in your vehicle.

Why motor oil need detergents?

The main purpose - to prevent the accumulation of impurities and deposits on engine parts exposed to the greatest warming (groove cylinders, exhaust valves, pistons). Effects of detergents helps reduce the formation of carbonaceous deposits and oxygenated compounds, and also prevents the accumulation of dirt and tar deposits on the metal surfaces.

The company Valvoline, using innovative technologies for the production of motor oils, focuses on the presence of additives such as these depends on the "longevity" of your motor.

How to recognize low-quality fuel?

1. The easiest way that does not require improvised. It should drop a little gasoline on the skin and rub with your finger. If the area of ​​skin where you dripped gasoline remains dry, this gasoline can trust. If the skin greasy traces remain, you can not doubt the presence of impurities.

2. For the next experiment will need a blank sheet of paper. Lightly moisten it with gasoline. Wait for the complete evaporation of the liquid from the surface of the sheet. If you again before the clean sheet, you can safely use such fuel. If a piece of paper left grease stains - petrol is impure, and it is not worth buying.

3. Now check the availability of fuel at the pitches. To do this, gasoline drip onto the glass, and then drop to burn. Appearing on the glass white spot indicates that the resin in the fuel completely absent. And if present, in extremely small quantities. When a yellow or brown spots can be sure that the tar exceeds the allowable concentration. This method can identify and other impurities. For example, if the glass is a few drops, it may indicate the presence of diesel fuel oils.

4. It is necessary to take a clear container, fill with gasoline and look through it to light. In the fluid must be yellow. Then to add to the capacity of a little potassium permanganate. Next, check the color. If he became pink gasoline contains water. It is advisable not to use the capacity in which you conduct experiments for the storage of food.

5. For people with a sensitive sense of smell, you can try to determine the presence of impurities by smell. In the presence of the odor of sulfur can assume the presence of hydrogen sulfide in gasoline. Perhaps there is naphthalene. In any case, there just contaminants contained and buy such petrol is not necessary.

Remember, all these methods, or save it on the wall to have certainly never forget! Have fun checking fuel!

P.S. Be careful when experimenting with gasoline. He did not have to get on your shoes or clothes!